Thermal conversion is the use of heat, with or without the presence of oxygen, to convert biomass into other forms of energy and products.  These include direct combustion, pyrolysis, and Torre faction.  

• Combustion is the burning of biomass in the presence of oxygen. The waste heat is used to for hot water, heat, or with a waste heat boiler to operate a steam turbine to produce electricity.  Biomass also can be co-fired with existing fossil fuel power stations.
• Pyrolysis convert biomass feedstock’s under controlled temperature and absent oxygen into gas, oil and bio char (used as valuable soil conditioner and also to make grapheme). The gases and oil can be used to power a generator and some technologies can also make diesel and chemicals from the gases.
• Torre faction is similar to pyrolysis but in a lower operating temperature range. The final product is an energy dense solid fuel often referred to as “bio-coal”.

Thermochemical conversion is commonly referred to as gasification. This technology uses high temperatures in a controlled partial combustion to form a producer gas and charcoal followed by chemical reduction. A major use for biomass is for agriculture residues with gas turbines. Advanced uses include production of diesel, jet fuel and chemicals.

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Biochemical Conversion involves the use of enzymes, bacteria or other microbes to break down biomass into liquids and gaseous feedstock’s and includes anaerobic digestion and fermentation. These feedstock’s can be converted to energy, transportation fuels and renewable chemicals.

Chemical Conversion involves the use of chemical agents to convert biomass into liquid fuels which mostly is converted to biodiesel.