Clinical Pathology of Haemophilia

The Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology (ISSN: 2161-0681) deals with research on infectious disorders associated with immune system and immunological disorders, infectious diseases, treatment of infectious diseases, infectious medicine, epidemiology, diagnostic tests of infectious diseases, infection control, pathophysiology, clinical pathology , preventive medicine. Clinical Pathology deals with patient care, diagnostic services, novel treatments and research on immune infections. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Pathology covers all areas of clinical and experimental pathology. Articles such as research papers, review articles, commentaries and short communications leading to the development of Journal of clinical and experimental pathology.

Haemophilia is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding. This results in people bleeding for a longer time after an injury, easy bruising, and an increased risk of bleeding inside joints or the brain.  Those with a mild case of the disease may have symptoms only after an accident or during surgery. Bleeding into a joint can result in permanent damage while bleeding in the brain can result in long term headaches, seizures, or a decreased level of consciousness. Haemophilia A, or Classical Haemophilia, is the most common form, and is caused by having reduced levels of factor VIII (8). Haemophilia B, or Christmas disease, is caused by having reduced levels of factor IX (9).

Bleeding is most commonly internal. The low levels of clotting factor produce a wide range of bleeding episodes, usually into the joints or muscles. These bleeding episodes, or 'bleeds', may occur spontaneously, without an obvious cause, or as a result of trauma or injury. Specialised treatment is needed to help blood clot normally and is often infused or injected into a vein. If internal bleeding is not quickly stopped with treatment, it will result in pain and swelling. Over a period of time bleeding into joints and muscles can cause permanent damage such as arthritis, chronic pain and joint damage requiring surgery.

There are three levels of severity in haemophilia: mild, moderate and severe. The level of severity depends on the amount of clotting factor in the person’s blood. A person with haemophilia will have the same level of severity over their lifetime. The normal range of factor VIII and factor IX in a person’s blood is between 50% and 150%.

Mild haemophilia 5-40% of normal clotting factor: Usually only have bleeding problems after having teeth taken out, surgery or a bad injury or accident and might never have a bleeding problem. Moderate haemophilia 1 – 5% of normal clotting factor: Might have bleeding problems after having teeth taken out, surgery or a bad injury or accident, may have bleeding problems after minor injuries, such as sporting injuries and rarely have a bleed for no obvious reason. Severe haemophilia Less than 1% of normal clotting factor: Often have bleeds into joints, muscles and soft tissues, can have bleeds for no obvious reason, as well as after surgery, dental work or injuries including minor bumps or knocks.

Haemophilia testing before birth includes prenatal diagnostic testing and IVF with pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Prenatal diagnostic testing: a test during the pregnancy to check the sex of the baby. If it is male, further testing can check for the family gene mutation or alteration, which will show if the baby has haemophilia. IVF with pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD): using IVF technology to test embryos for the family gene alteration, before embryo implantation and pregnancy. The best place for patients with hemophilia to be diagnosed and treated is at one of the federally-funded hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs) that are spread throughout the country. HTCs provide comprehensive care from skilled hematologists and other professional staff, including nurses, physical therapists, social workers and sometimes dentists, dieticians and other healthcare providers.

On the occasion of its 10 years, Successful Journey, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology decided to provide a partial waiver on its article processing charges to promote quality research from across the nations of the globe to encourage the latest research in the field of Infections, Diseases and Medicine. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology also planning to release a special issue on its new approaches.

Regards,

Robert Solomon

Editorial office

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology

E-mail: pathol@eclinicalsci.com

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